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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00192_Field_frep110.txt
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1996-12-30
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The next thing is to get some
feel for what it means for our
color vision to have three
visual receptors. First, you
might ask, if a given cone works
better at some wavelengths
than at others, why not simply
measure that cone's output and
deduce what the color is? Why
not have one cone type, instead
of three? It is easy to see why.
With one cone, say the red, you
wouldn't be able to tell the
difference between light at the
most effective wavelength,
about 560 nanometers, from a
brighter light at a less effective
wavelength. You need to be able
to distinguish variations in
brightness from variations in
wavelength.
But suppose you have two
kinds of cones, with
overlapping spectral
sensitivities--say, the red cone
and the green cone. Now you
can determine wavelength
simply by comparing the
outputs of the cones. For short
wavelengths, the green cone
will fire better; at longer and
longer wavelengths, the
outputs will become closer and
closer to equal; at about 580
nanometers the red surpasses
the green, and does
progressively better relative to
it as wavelengths get still
longer. If we subtract the
sensitivity curves of the two
cones (they are logarithmic
curves, so we are really taking
quotients), we get a curve that
is independent of intensity. So
the two cones together now
constitute a device that
measures wavelength.
Then why are not two
receptors all we need to
account for the color vision
that we have? Two would indeed
be enough if all we were
concerned with was
monochromatic light--if we
were willing to give up such
things as our ability to
discriminate colored light from
white light. Our vision is such
that no monochromatic light,
at any wavelength, looks white.
That could not be true if we had
only two cone types. In the case
of red and green cones, by
progressing from short to long
wavelengths, we go
continuously from stimulating
just the green cone to
stimulating just the red,
through all possible green-to-
red response ratios. White light,
consisting as it does of a
mixture of all wavelengths, has
to stimulate the two cones in
some ratio. Whatever
monochromatic wavelength
happens to give that same ratio
will thus be indistinguishable
from white. This is exactly the
situation in a common kind of
color blindness in which the
person has only two kinds of
cones: regardless of which one
of the three pigments is missing
there is always some
wavelength of light that the
person cannot distinguish from
white. (Such subjects are color
defective, but certainly not
color-blind.)